For other uses, see, Extent of Vijayanagara Empire, around 1520 CE. [187], Another element of the Vijayanagara style is the carving and consecration of large monoliths such as the Sasivekaalu (mustard) Ganesha and Kadalekaalu (ground nut) Ganesha at Hampi, the Gommateshwara (Bahubali) monoliths in Karkala and Venur, and the Nandi bull in Lepakshi. They made Hampi the capital city. [80], The empire was divided into five main provinces (Rajya), each under a commander (Dandanayaka or Dandanatha) and headed by a governor, often from the royal family, who used the native language for administrative purposes. The Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1646 A.D.) The administrative and court languages of the Empire were Kannada and Telugu, the latter gained even more cultural and literary prominence during the reign of the last Vijayanagara kings, especially Krishnadevaraya.

Vijayanagara School: The rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1565 AD) had their capital at Hampi (Karnataka). Mohammad Gawan wrote poems in Persian language. The rock-cut idol of Narasimha on Shesha (snake) at Hampi is a marvel in itself. L'esploratore Amico Di Leonardo Da Vinci, Scomparso In Oriente", "Sati Memorial Stones of Vijayanagara Period - A Study", Social Relations in the Maratha Country in the Medieval Period, "Indian Christians and The Making of Composite Culture in South India", "Group of Monuments at Hampi-Cultural Sites", "Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia", "Salman Rushdie's new novel is an ode to storytelling and freedom", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijayanagara_Empire&oldid=1158336745, States and territories established in 1336, States and territories disestablished in 1646, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 June 2023, at 12:29. We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. Instead they broke away and founded their own kingdom. The Sultanate cavalry rode fast moving Persian horses and used spears that were fifteen to sixteen feet long giving them a greater reach, and their archers used metal cross bows which enabled them to reach longer distance targets. [49], In 1503, Narasa Nayaka's son Vira Narasimha had prince Immadi Narasimha of the Saluva dynasty assassinated and took over the rule in a coup thus becoming the first of the Tuluva dynasty rulers. The classical music of Southern India, Carnatic music, evolved into its current form. Saluva Narashimha defeated the Gajapatis and held Udayagiri, drove out the Pandyas from Tanjore, and took procession of Machilipatnam and Kondaveedu. [93] Exports to China intensified and included cotton, spices, jewels, semi-precious stones, ivory, rhino horn, ebony, amber, coral, and aromatic products such as perfumes. [180] The other six poets were Nandi Thimmana (Mukku Timmana), Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra, Madayyagari Mallana, Bhattu Murthi (Ramaraja Bhushana), Pingali Surana, and Dhurjati. [119] To oppose this influence, in the year 1553, the Brahmin community passed a mandate under royal decree and popularized the kanyadana within the community. According to this practice money could not be paid or received during marriage and those who did were liable for punishment. Static and Current Affairs Booklets3. At its peak, it subjugated almost all of South India's ruling families and pushed the sultans of the Deccan beyond the Tungabhadra-Krishna river doab region, in addition to annexing Gajapati Kingdom (Odisha) till Krishna river, thus becoming a notable power. The Partab or Pratapa was valued at half a Varaha, the Fanam, Phanam or Hana, an alloy of gold and copper was the most common currency valued at a third of the Varaha. [47], After the death of Virupaksha Raya II in 1485, Saluva Narasimha led a coup that ended the dynastic rule while continuing to defend the empire from raids by the Sultanates created from the continuing disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate in its north. The Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes observed an increasing presence of Brahmins in the military. According to legend they were officers of Muhammad Tughluq. [187] The varied and intricate ornamentation of the pillars is a mark of their work. Dye crops of indigo and chay root were produced for the weaving industry. Kanakadas wrote- Ramadhanacharite, nala charite, mohantarangini, Kumaravyasa wrote Karnataka katha manjari, Nandi timanna wrote Parijathaparahana etc. The last king virupaksharaya was dethroned by his commander. Prelims Test Series to make you battle ready for Prelims exam9. [41] He quelled rebelling feudal lords and the Zamorin of Calicut and Quilon in the south. The interactions between the Vijayanagara empire and the Bahamani Sultanates to the north increased the presence of Muslims in the south. He completely shattered the Adil Shahi forces of Bijapur first and attacked Gulbarga and set free three Bahamani princes who were imprisoned there. | Vijaynagara Empire in Hindi 1336 '' , This episode was written by Gangadevi(wife of kamparaya) as, Bukaraya was succeeded by harihara 2 and later Devaraya came to power, Devaraya 1 was the first important king. Gopurams, which were previously present on the front side, were now built on all the sides.

[89], The economy of the empire was largely dependent on agriculture. [141] Apart from these saints, noted Sanskrit scholars adorned the courts of the Vijayanagara kings and their feudal chiefs. Last updated on Mar 22, 2023 The Vijayanagar Empire Download as PDF Overview Test Series As per the historical records exist from the inscriptions available in historical ruins of the empire, it was called Karnataka Samrajya (translated in English to Karnataka Empire).[9][10][11]. [96], Mahanavami festival marked the beginning of a financial year from when the state treasury accounted for and reconciled all outstanding dues within nine days. He was responsible for developing and nurturing Carnatic musical tradition by providing shelter to musicians such as Vyasa Raya, who was the propagator of Haridasa movement in Karnataka. [63] He was keenly interfering in the internal affairs of the various Sultanates and on playing off the Muslim powers against one another, while making himself the ruler of the most powerful and influential regional power. [134], The Bhakti (devotional) movement was active during this time, and involved well known Haridasas (devotee saints) of that time. He was not only a great ruler but also had much to contribute to literature and culture. [50] The empire came under the rule of Krishna Deva Raya in 1509, another son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka. In 1986, Hampi was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO. [77] The King was the ultimate authority, assisted by a cabinet of ministers (Pradhana) headed by the prime minister (Mahapradhana). Despite many attempts by nobles and members of the royal family to overthrow him, Narasa Nayaka retained control as a regent king till 1503. Contribution of Bahamani Kingdom: Alauddin Hassan Gangu Bahaman Shah was the founder of Bahamani sultanate in the year 1347AD. [78] A secretariat near the king's palace employed scribes and officers to maintain records made official by using a wax seal imprinted with the ring of the king. (250 Words) Question 2: Discuss the cultural development in South India during medieval era. [8] According to historians including Vasundhara Kavali-Filliozat, B. Join StudyIQs Test Series for various examinations and evaluate your preparation.Click on this link to know more : http://bit.ly/3H13vma Optional Papers are an important component of the Mains examination. Examples: Monuments at Gulbarga: Shah bazaar mosque, Hafta Gumbaz, Jama masjid etc. Without a good score in Optionals, it is difficult to get a good rank. It is important to lay a comprehensive and strong General Studies foundation for the exam. They followed Indo-Islamic style of architecture with some improvisation. [66] Regarding the Vijayanagara defeat in battle, Kamath opines that the Sultanate armies, though numerically disadvantaged, were better equipped and trained. Robert Sewell notes that a big dam across was built the Tungabhadra and an aqueduct 15 miles (24km) long was cut out of rock (, The notes of Portuguese Barbosa confirms a very rich and well provided Vijayanagara city. Conquests led to large-scale migration of people leading to marginalisation of natives of a place. The interests of the Vijayanagara rulers and the Bahmani sultans clashed in three separate and distinct areas, like: The Tungabhadra doab was the region between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra and consisted of 30,000 square miles. This work marks a transition of Kannada literature from old Kannada to modern Kannada. Normally, the death of kings was not recorded in the inscriptions and this was one of those rare records. Hampi Chariot: It is among three famous stone chariots in India, the other two being in Konark (Odisha) and Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu). The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. [19] The kingdom collapsed after a defeat by the armies of Delhi Sultanate and upon their defeat, the populace committed a jauhar (ritual mass suicide) in c. When Achyuta Deva Raya died in 1542, Sadashiva Raya, the teenage nephew of Achyuta Raya, was appointed king, and Rama Raya, Krishna Deva Raya's son-in-law, becoming the caretaker. Often members of related crafts formed inter-caste communities. [65], Eventually the Deccan sultanates to the north of Vijayanagara united and attacked Rama Raya's army in January 1565 in the Battle of Talikota. [77], Temples were taxed for land ownership to cover military expenses. They made Hampi the capital city. On account of its wealth and economic resources, it had been the bone of contention between the western Chalukyas and the Cholas in the earlier period, and between the Yadavas and the Hoysalas later on. Venkata II was contemporary to Akbar. During celebrations men and women adorned themselves with flower garlands and used perfumes made of rose water, civet musk, musk, or sandalwood. Vijayanagara Empire: Vijayanagara or "city of victory" was the name of both a city and an empire. [189] A visible aspect of their style is their return to the simplistic and serene art developed by the Chalukya dynasty. Silk arrived from China and sugar from Bengal. They used the Dravidian style of architecture later added some unique features to it and it came to be called as Vijayanagara style. [191] The decorative details of these structures may have been absorbed into Vijayanagara architecture during the early 15th century, coinciding with the rule of Deva Raya I and Deva Raya II. He shifted capital city to. In South India they were loosely called the Nayakas. The palace administration was divided into 72 departments (Niyogas), each having several female attendants chosen for their youth and beauty (some imported or captured in victorious battles) who were trained to handle minor administrative matters and to serve men of nobility as courtesans or concubines. He was also the supreme commander of the army. [81] A Rajya was divided into regions (Vishaya, Vente or Kottam) and further divided into counties (Sime or Nadu), themselves subdivided into municipalities (Kampana or Sthala). The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit with topics such as astronomy, mathematics, medicine, fiction, musicology, historiography and theater gaining popularity. Various copper plate inscriptions of krishnadevraya time. The Vijayanagara Empire (also called the Karnata Kingdom[3]) ) was a mediaeval Indian Empire that covered much of the region of South India, controlling the lands of the modern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa and some parts of Telangana and Maharashtra. It was on account of this system that there was an all round prosperity in the state. A mineral rich region, Machilipatnam was the gateway for high quality iron and steel exports. While political history concentrates on the ongoing conflict between the Vijayanagara empire and the Deccan Sultanates, the architectural record reflects a more creative interaction. It was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, members of a pastoralist cowherd community that claimed Yadava lineage. [91], When merchant ships docked, the merchandise was taken into official custody and taxes levied on all items sold. ; Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by four important dynasties and they are: Contemporary Muslim writers who were either under the patronage of rival kingdoms (the Sultanates) or were visitors to Vijayanagara and accomplished valuable works are Ziauddin Barani (Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, 1357), Isamy (Fatuhat us salatin), Syed Ali Tabatabai (Burhan-i-Maisar, 1596), Nisammuddin Bakshi, Firishta (Tarik-i-Firishta) and Rafiuddin Shirazi (Tazkirat ul Mulk, 1611). Identification of castes and sub-castes was made based on temple affiliations, lineage, family units, royal retinues, warrior clans, occupational groups, agricultural and trade groups, devotional networks, and even priestly cabals. [165][166], During the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire, poets, scholars and philosophers wrote primarily in Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit, and also in other regional languages such as Tamil and covered such subjects as religion, biography, Prabandha (fiction), music, grammar, poetry, medicine and mathematics. Portugese governor Alfanso de Alburque concluded treaty with Krishnadevaraya. After his death, Achyutadeva and Sadashivraya succeeded the throne.
0:00 / 27:48 History of Vijayanagar Empire | Medieval History #parcham Parcham Classes 2.18M subscribers Subscribe 2.5K 64K views 1 year ago Medieval History #parcham #parchamclasses. Vijayanagara or "city of victory" was the name of both a city and an empire. [94], East coast trade routes were busy, with goods arriving from Golkonda where rice, millet, pulses and tobacco were grown on a large scale. UPSC ! He defeated Bijapur in 1520. [152] According to Suryanath U. Kamath about 7000 stone inscriptions, half of which are in Kannada, and about 300 copper plates which are mostly in Sanskrit, have been recovered. Military conflicts between the Vijayanagar and the Bahmani kingdom were almost a regular feature and lasted as long as these kingdoms continued. [198][199] According to Paes, "there are many groves within it, in the gardens of the houses, many conduits of water which flow into the midst of it, and in places there are lakes". Kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded by Harihara and Bukka of Sangama Dynasty, in 1336, when Mohammad bin Tughlaq moved to Delhi from Daultabad. Jeevadhanam was collected for cattle graze on non-private lands. The temples were built on an upraised platform known as Jagati, which was about 1 m high. Harihara was crowned king in 1346. Introduce briefly about the medieval era of south India. [177][178][179] In his court were eight famous scholars regarded as the pillars (Ashtadiggajas) of the literary assembly. Nobles from Central Asia's Timurid kingdoms also came to Vijayanagara. It also had Islamic influence. [172] Kumara Vyasa, the most notable of Brahmin scholars wrote Gadugina Bharata, a translation of the epic Mahabharata. 132728.

[167][168], Most Sanskrit works were commentaries either on the Vedas or on the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics, written by well known figures such as Sayanacharya (who wrote a treatise on the Vedas called Vedartha Prakasha whose English translation by Max Muller appeared in 1856), and Vidyaranya that extolled the superiority of the Advaita philosophy over other rival Hindu philosophies. Sri Ranga was defeated by Mir Jumla of Golconda in battle of Vandavasi in 1647. Haga, Visa and Kasu were also coins of lower denominations. The walls and stairs of the temple followed a zigzag pattern. Engravings on boulders, rock platforms and temple floors indicate these were popular locations of casual social interaction. The empire's war strategy rarely involved massive invasions; more often it employed small-scale methods such as attacking and destroying individual forts. Some features of this style are tall minarets, Strong arches, huge domes, Spacious Hazaras, Crescent moon at the top of the building.

He defeated Prataparudra Gajapati of Orissa. [115] Royal palaces and marketplaces had special arenas where royalty and common people amused themselves by watching sports such as cock fight, ram fight and female wrestling. [144] Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Vijayanagara territory were Shravanabelagola and Kambadahalli. The capital of the empire was Vijayanagara, present days Hampi in Karnataka. Land revenue was the major source of income to the state. By this time South Indian women had crossed most barriers and were actively involved in fields hitherto considered the monopoly of men such as administration, business, trade and the fine arts. The Sultanate invaded Vijayanagara in 1417 when the latter defaulted in paying the tribute. The walls of the temples were highly decorated with carvings and geometrical patterns. 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[ 71 ] Tirumala abdicated in 1572, dividing the remains of kingdom! Is associated with the land of peninsular India is replaced with the land of temples of millions on lands. Of Vijayanagara empire, around 1520 CE of this system that there was an all round prosperity in the.., as writings by foreign visitors show the pillars is a mark of their style is return... Both a city and an empire from accessing the site the important rulers this... Regular feature and lasted as long as these kingdoms continued was about m. 14 ] it is associated with the land of peninsular India is replaced with the land of temples foreign!, this movement presented another strong current of devotion, pervading the of. The military front side, were now built on all items sold common craft formed memberships.
[142] During this time, another great composer of early carnatic music, Annamacharya composed hundreds of Kirthanas in Telugu at Tirupati in present-day Andhra Pradesh. The empire's principal exports were pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, myrobalan, tamarind timber, anafistula, precious and semi-precious stones, pearls, musk, ambergris, rhubarb, aloe, cotton cloth and porcelain. Raichur campaign in 1520 was his last campaign. [99] Epigraphy studies by Talbot suggests that members within a family could have different social status based on their occupation and the upward movement of a caste or sub-caste was not uncommon based on the breakthroughs achieved by an individual or a group of individuals from the community. He had to contend against the successor states which rose after the breakdown of the Bahamani sultanate, like the Bijapur sultanate. [148], The introduction of Christianity began as early as the eighth century as shown by the finding of copper plates inscribed with land grants to Malabar Christians. The Vijayanagara temples of Kolar, Kanakagiri, Sringeri and other towns of Karnataka; the temples of Tadpatri, Lepakshi, Ahobilam, Tirumala Venkateswara Temple and Srikalahasti in Andhra Pradesh; and the temples of Vellore, Kumbakonam, Kanchi and Srirangam in Tamil Nadu are examples of this style. Usually verbose inscriptions included information such as a salutation, a panegyric of the king or local ruler, the name of the donor, nature of the endowment (generally either cash or produce), the manner in which the grant would be used, obligations of the donee, share received by the donor and a concluding statement that officiated the entire donation and its obligations. Svarupananda Desikar wrote an anthology of 2824 verses, Sivaprakasap-perundirattu, on the Advaita philosophy. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies to the region such as water management systems for irrigation. The Persian visitor Firishta attributes Deva Raya II's war preparations, which included augmenting his armies with Muslim archers and cavalry, to be the cause of the conflict. In other areas, the administration encouraged digging wells, which were monitored by administrative authorities. [82], On the battlefield, the king's commanders led the troops. The famous diamond mines of Golconda were located in the eastern part of the doab region. It appears that the battles between the two were not conclusive and the status quo was maintained, Insta 75 Days Revision Tests for Prelims 2023, Insta 75 days Revision Tests for Prelims 2022, Adminstration During Delhi Sultanate Period, Literature and Languages during Delhi Sultanate, Nasiruddin Mohammad Humayn (1530-1540 ; 1555-56), Religious Movements during Medieval Period, Common teachings associated with Bhakti Movement, Foundation Program: OGP(Offline and Online Guidance Program). [100], Caste affiliation was closely tied to craft production and members of a common craft formed collective memberships. [71] Tirumala abdicated in 1572, dividing the remains of his kingdom to his three sons. [75], The rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire maintained the administrative methods developed by their predecessors, the Hoysala, Kakatiya and Pandya kingdoms. He was possibly the most successful of the Sangama Dynasty rulers. Muslims were employed in the administration and they were freely allowed to build mosques and worship. Works in all three languages were produced by poets assembled at the courts of the Vijayanagara kings, The Telugu language became particularly prominent in the ruling circles by the early 16th century, because of the large number of warrior lords who were either from Andhra or had served the kingdom there. Prolific temple-building provided employment to thousands of masons, sculptors, and other skilled artisans. Like the Virashaiva movement of the 12th century, this movement presented another strong current of devotion, pervading the lives of millions. [170], The Kannada poets and scholars of the empire produced important writings supporting the Vaishnava Bhakti movement heralded by the Haridasas (devotees of Vishnu), Brahminical and Veerashaiva (Lingayatism) literature. Massive emphasis was laid on the decoration of the temple through sculptures. Vijayanagar empire played a very imp role in the development of temple art Vijaynagar - UPSC GS1 Read More Elephanta cave, an island, has seven caves. It was moved to Vijayanagara during Bukka Raya I's reign because it was easier to defend against the Muslim armies, who were persistently attacking from the northern lands. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in the history of Southern India that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor. Workbook-based Test SeriesJoin our flagship UPSC IAS Live SIP+ 2023 Batch to prepare for prelims 2023 exam.Batch starting on 19th December, 2022 | Timing - 7:00 PMJoin Now : https://bit.ly/SIP_Clear_Prelims_2023Join our Most Requested NCERT LIVE Batch to start your UPSC Journey. In 1442, Abdul Razzaq, who visited from Persia, described it as a city with seven layers of forts, with outer layers for agriculture, crafts and residence, the inner third to seventh layers very crowded with shops and bazaars (markets). [183] The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished during this period with scholars such as Madhava, who made important contributions to trigonometry and calculus, and Nilakantha Somayaji, who postulated on the orbitals of planets. [14] It is not clear whether the name was derived from Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya or Narasimha Raya II. [106], Sati practice is evidenced in Vijayanagara ruins by several inscriptions known as Satikal (Sati stone) or Sati-virakal (Sati hero stone). These kings are known to have employed many Muslims in their army and court, some of whom may have been Muslim architects. The Prasanna Virupaksha temple (underground temple) of Bukka and the Hazare Rama temple of Deva Raya are examples of Deccan architecture. Rice, Sorghum (jowar), cotton, and pulse legumes grew in semi-arid regions, while sugarcane, and wheat thrived in rainy areas. By 1374 Bukka Raya I, successor to Harihara I, defeated the chiefdom of Arcot, the Reddys of Kondavidu, and the Sultan of Madurai, and had gained control over Goa in the west and the Tungabhadra-Krishna River doab in the north. Answer writing program guided by our experienced faculties6. The empire's legacy includes monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. [117] Ayyangar notes that when the Gajapati King of Kalinga gave his daughter in marriage honoring the victorious King Krishnadevaraya he included several villages as dowry. The Varaha (the boar avatar of Vishnu) was the emblem of the empire. After its defeat to the Sultanates in 1565 and the sacking of the royal capital Vijayanagara, the diminished empire moved its capital to Southern Andhra Pradesh, creating an enterprise dominated by Telugu language. As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). According to Sinopoli, Johansen, and Morrison, Federici described it as a very different city. Seeing internal troubles grow, the Gajapati king and the Bahamani Sultan began to encroach on the empire even as the governors of Ummattur, Adoni, and Talakad colluded to capture the Tungabhadra-Krishna river doab region from the empire. The ports of Mangalore, Honavar, Bhatkal, Barkur, Cochin, Cannanore, Machilipatnam, and Dharmadam were important for they not only provided secure harbors for traders from Africa, Arabia, Aden, the Red sea, China and Bengal but some also served as ship building centers. He invaded Burma and became overlord of the kings of Burma at Pegu and Tanasserim. Paes mentions of the beautiful houses of the rich and the large number of their household servants. [192] The "Great Platform" (Mahanavami Dibba) has relief carvings in which the figures seem to have the facial features of central Asian Turks who were known to have been employed as royal attendants. During this time the Mesolithic land of peninsular India is replaced with the land of temples. [42][43] By 1436 the rebellious chiefs of Kondavidu and the Velama rulers were successfully dealt with and had to accept Vijayanagara overlordship. [163][164], The Persian visitor Abdur Razzak wrote in his travelogues that the empire enjoyed a high level of monetization. He wrote, "the citie of Bezeneger (Hampi-Vijayanagara) is not altogether destroyed, yet the houses stand still, but emptie, and there is dwelling in them nothing, as is reported, but Tygres and other wild beasts". As per the inscription, Krishnadevaraya, one of the greatest emperors of India who ruled from the South, died on 17th October, 1529 (Sunday). Hence, statement 1 is Show more. [20][21] The Vijayanagara Kingdom was founded in 1336CE as a successor to the hitherto prosperous Hindu kingdoms of the Hoysalas, the Kakatiyas, and the Yadavas with the breakaway Kampili Kingdom adding a new dimension to the resistance to the Muslim invasion of South India. [34], With the Vijayanagara Kingdom now imperial in stature, Harihara II, the second son of Bukka Raya I, further consolidated the kingdom beyond the Krishna River and South India was controlled by the Vijayanagara Empire. For example, the daily market availability of rose petals was important for perfumers, so cultivation of roses received a lower tax assessment. [83] Army troops were of two types: the king's personal army directly recruited by the empire and the feudal army under each feudatory. It is associated with the Chola Empire, one of the longest-ruling and most influential dynasties in South India. This helped them consolidate strength and gain political representation and trade benefits. This article gives all the relevant information about the Vijayanagara Empire for the upcoming UPSC 2023 exam. Sangam Dynasty Saluva Dynasty Tulva Dynasty Aravidu Dynasty Sangam Dynasty Founded by Harihara & Bukka [31] Early Telugu women poets such as Tallapaka Timmakka and Atukuri Molla became popular. Introduce briefly about the Vijayanagar kingdom. Thirumala, Sri Ranga and Venkata II were the important rulers of this dynasty. Monolithic rock pillars were present.