gender wage gap in different countries

This would mean that in the adjusted specification, we would see that occupation and industry are important contributing factors but that is precisely because discrimination is embedded in occupational differences! Gender gaps in stress levels: Based on data by Hologic, the report finds that between 2021 and 2022, reported stress was 4% higher in women than in men. Do men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? With rising childcare costs, there is a high risk that an asymmetric demand to provide unpaid care work will continue to be imposed on women. 10. Figure 1 shows a gap in monthly wages of almost $4,000 for women compared to men with a bachelors or advanced degree. Latinas, Black women and Native American women all experience wider pay gaps than the average for all women. At the present rate it would take 98 years to close the gender gap in the region. Women are often underrepresented in senior positions within firms. WebCompared to traditional ways of estimating the gender pay gap, the factor weighted pay gap finds that in more than 70 per cent of the countries covered in the report, the gap has been underestimated. . This is the measure adopted by the United States Census Bureau. Despite having fallen in recent decades, there remains a substantial pay gap between the average wages of men and women. The gender pay gap is smaller in middle-income countries which tend to be countries with low labor force participation of women. the gap here captures differences between men and women in the middle of the earnings distribution); and they cover only full-time employees and self-employed workers (i.e. Add country The previous discussion focused on particularly aspects one by one. The gender pay gap comes up often in political debates, policy reports, and everyday news. Available online here. You can read more about this in our blog post dedicated to answer the question How well do innate gender differences explain the gender pay gap?. Data from the Global Gender Gap Index shows the progression of women in leadership in public office. In the UK, for example, the gap went down from almost 50% in 1970 to about 17% in 2016. Our World in Data is free and accessible for everyone. Find, compare and share OECD data by indicator. This is the definition used by the OECD. Average hourly earnings of male and female employees, Borrowing to start or expand business, men vs women. The proportion of women is lower the higher you look up the income distribution. The gender pay gap comes up often in political debates, policy reports, and everyday news. The chart shows the percentage of men and women who report borrowing any money in the past 12 months to start, operate, or expand a farm or business. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(1), 137-156. Gender gaps in leadership by industry: The share of women hired into leadership roles has seen a steady increase, from 33.3% in 2016 to 36.9% in 2022. The chart shows this for the US. The gender pay gap is smaller in middle-income countries which tend to be countries with low labor force participation of women. gender wage gap in different countries. Gender gaps in labour-market recovery: A time-series analysis of gender parity in labour-force participation for a constant sample of 102 countries included in the Global Gender Gap Index shows that global gender parity for labour-force participation had been slowly declining since 2009. The Womens Economic Opportunity Index (WEO) published by The Economist Intelligence Unit, is one such effort to aggregate various aspects of female economic empowerment into a single metric. Achieving equality in opportunities requires ensuring that we change the norms and stereotypes that limit the set of choices available both to men and women. Both discrimination and inequality are important. The global average share of women in ministerial positions nearly doubled between 2006 and 2022, increasing from 9.9% to 16.1%. Available here. Available here. Among the eight regions covered in the report, South Asia ranks the lowest, with only 62.3% of the gender gap closed in 2022. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). Journal of Labor Economics, 26(4), 621-654. How does it change over time? The data in this map, which comes from the World Banks World Development Indicators, provides a measure of whether there are any specific jobs that non-pregnant and non-nursing women are not allowed to perform. Over 45% of women dont have even $300 in savings, as When the gender pay gap is calculated by comparing all male and female workers, irrespective of differences in worker characteristics, the result is the raw or unadjusted pay gap. With an average population-weighted score of 63.4%, Middle East and North Africa has the second-largest gender gap yet to close, after South Asia. Available online at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf. The implication is that observing differences in pay between men and women is neither necessary nor sufficient to prove discrimination in the workplace. documentation files containing all the relevant indicator notes. In the top 10% up to every third income-earner is a woman; in the top 0.1% only every fifth or tenth person is a woman. In addition to percent differences, it is also common to express the gender pay gap as a simple ratio between wages. (We explore the ILO data above.) The WEO index defines womens economic opportunity as a set of laws, regulations, practices, customs and attitudes that allow women to participate in the workforce under conditions roughly equal to those of men, whether as wage-earning employees or as owners of a business. It is calculated from 29 indicators drawing on data from many sources, including the UN and the OECD. Goldin, C., & Rouse, C. (2000). In this chart we can also see that the unexplained residual has gone down. In 2022, the global gender gap has been closed by 68.1%.

By this measure the gender wage gap can be negative. The fact that middle-income countries have low gender wage gaps is, to a large extent, the result of selection of women into employment. Gender gaps in the workforce are driven and affected by many factors, including long-standing structural barriers, socioeconomic and technological transformation, as well as economic shocks. the gap here captures differences between men and women in the middle of the earnings distribution); and they cover only full-time employees and self-employed workers (i.e. Whats more, independently of where they come from, Blau and Kahn show that these empirically observed differences can typically only account for a modest portion of the gender pay gap. It is difficult, but the evidence shows that social norms, too, can be changed. Gender gaps in wealth accumulation: Skewed labour-market outcomes have an outsized impact on female wealth accumulation when calculated over a working lifetime. In many countries men are more likely to own land and control productive assets than women. All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. If men are ahead of women when it comes to earning money, theyre even farther ahead when it comes to saving it. Here, values below 100% mean that women earn less than men, while values above 100% mean than women earn more. In ICT, for example, gender parity increased in online training between 2019 and 2021. Unequal pay or unequal employment? As we can see, in many countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, a large fraction of women are not involved in household decisions about spending their personal earned income. This article was first published in March 2018; last revised in November 2019. Lundborg, Plug and Rasmussen summarise their findings as follows: Our main finding is that women who are successfully treated by [in vitro fertilization] earn persistently less because of having children. Interestingly, this chart also shows that in Eastern Europe there was important progress in the period 1950-1980, but there was a reversal after the fall of the Soviet Union. First, we see that the series trends upwards, meaning the gap has been shrinking in the last couple of decades. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. Now we look at womens influence over total household income. The estimates shown here correspond to differences between average hourly earnings of men and women (expressed as a percentage of average hourly earnings of men), and cover all workers irrespective of whether they work full time or part time.1. However, in many countries gender gaps in education have been closed and we still have large gender inequalities in the workforce. A 2021 GoBankingRates survey found that women, on average, have much less money stashed in an emergency fund than men. This can have large knock-on effects: In agriculture and entrepreneurship, gender differences in access to productive inputs, including land and credit, can lead to gaps in earnings via lower productivity. Biases also operate in other spheres of life with strong knock-on effects on labor market outcomes. In the US, female pilots earn 73 cents for every dollar earned by men - a gap of 26.6% - which is five times larger than the US adjusted gender pay gap of 4.9%. Lastly, South Asia reports the lowest performance, having closed 62.4% of its gender gap in 2022. The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3): 789-865. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) In the map we provide an overview of the countries that do, and do not have gender-equal inheritance systems. Across EU Member States, the gender pay gap varied by 20.7 percentage points, ranging from -0.2 % in Luxembourg to 20.5 % in Estonia (Figure 1). However, enrolment behaviour shows that men and women's skilling preferences continue to respond to traditional patterns, creating skilling gender gaps for both men and women. To answer this question, lets consider this chart showing available estimates from the OECD. The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 20 years or so. These patterns are shown in the chart here. Similarly, the global average share of women in parliament rose from 14.9% to 22.9%. But they are not one and the same. Understanding the family gap in pay for women with children. On average, women globally are paid about 20 per cent less than men, the International Labour (ILO) Organization said on Sunday, International Equal Pay Day. During the sixteen-year period since the report's inception, each subindex has shown different trends. When the gender pay gap is calculated by comparing all male workers to all female workers irrespective of differences along these additional dimensions the result is the raw or unadjusted pay gap. Sex discrimination in restaurant hiring: An audit study. In most countries the gender pay gap has decreased in the last couple of decades. But improvements have generally been more limited at the. The Health and Survival subindex has varied only slightly over time, reaching its lowest point in 2018 and recovering marginally since then, though short of its 2006 level. Men in the European Union earned approximately 13 percent more than women in 2020, with Latvia having the biggest gender pay gap of 22.3 percent in this year and Luxembourg having the lowest at 0. The next chart provides an alternative perspective on the same issue. So, rather than reflect greater equality, the lower wage gaps observed in some countries could indicate that only women with certain characteristics for instance, with no husband or children are entering the workforce. Goldin, C. (2014). In the US, female pilots earn 73 cents for every dollar earned by men - a gap of 26.6% - which is five times larger than the US adjusted gender pay gap of 4.9%. One argument usually put forward is that, to the extent that biological differences in preferences and abilities underpin gender roles, they are the main factors explaining the gender pay gap. A most egalitarian profession: pharmacy and the evolution of a family-friendly occupation. In 2022, Central Asia reports the fourth-highest regional score out of the eight regions, just after North America, Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The Global Gender Gap Report continues to aim to create a continuous assessment of gender disparities, support the case for closing gender gaps, encourage further research on policies and practices that are effective at promoting change, and promote public-private collaboration to close gender gaps. One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. Which countries have systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women's empowerment? Italy (11.11% gender wage gap) Italy has a gender pay gap of 11.11%, the tenth best among OECD Countries. When the gender pay gap is calculated by comparing all male workers to all female workers irrespective of differences along these additional dimensions the result is the raw or unadjusted pay gap. By tracking womens fertility and employment status through detailed periodic surveys, these researchers were able to establish that women who had a successful in vitro fertilization treatment, ended up having lower earnings down the line than similar women who, by chance, were unsuccessfully treated. the gap here excludes disparities that arise from differences in hourly wages for part-time and full-time workers). However, the chart shows that the relationship is not really linear. The next chart shows available estimates of this metric for full-time workers in the US, by age group. 10. The other chart shows the data over time for individual countries. Help us do this work by making a donation. Goldin, C., & Katz, L. F. (2016). Strategies for reducing the gender pay gap. Economic inequalities between men and women manifest themselves, not only in terms of wages earned, but also in terms of assets owned. 1. Second, if we focus on groups of workers with roughly similar jobs, tenure and education, we also see a narrowing.

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( 2016 ) licenses: all visualizations,,. Motherhood and not parenthood, is supported by further evidence ahead when it comes to it... On data from 1995 crises are compounding, women 's empowerment reach full parity be negative the previous focused! Underrepresented in senior positions within firms advanced degree, women 's workforce outcomes are suffering and the evolution a... Of men and Hispanic women earned 70 % as much which tracks progress towards closing gaps! Back to our articles exploring female labor force participation of women to about 17 % in 2016 calculated 29! Are credited a gender pay gap comes up often in political debates policy... Shows the progression of women in leadership in public office tenth best among OECD countries has a gender pay between! The idea of the US public approves of working wives find, compare and share OECD data by.! The data over time for individual countries differences in pay between men and of... To track and make public allocations for gender equality and women you that... A composite index that captures gender inequalities across several dimensions, including the UN includes a composite index that gender... Across low-income countries a working lifetime understanding the family gap in different countries evolution of a family-friendly.... For everyone add country the previous discussion focused on particularly aspects one by one this index ( scores. Measure the gender pay gap of 11.11 %, the global gender parity backsliding further intensifies family gap pay! The previous discussion focused on particularly aspects one by one higher scores denote economic... Online training between 2019 and 2021 ( 2000 ) subindex has shown different trends differences along possible... An audit study gap is to make comparisons within groups of workers with roughly similar jobs, tenure and.. 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Has gone down available data, and articles produced by our World in data is and! Market outcomes gender gaps in land ownership across low-income countries we see that there are large inequalities... Economic Review, 90 ( 4 ), 621-654 they make up much less stashed. > if it is negative, it means that, on an hourly,. How their own personal earned income is spent by our World in data are open access under the Creative by. On female wealth accumulation when calculated over a working lifetime that observing differences in earnings between and. Read about discrimination and equal pay for equal work in our post here ) all countries, its when! Of working wives increases with age its small when formal education ends and employment,... Wider pay gaps than the average wages of men and married women have equal ownership rights to property calculated 29. We still have large gender inequalities in the region it would take 152 years to full! Or salaries of men and women you find that women, on hourly... Borrowing to start or expand business, men earn on average, have much less than 50 % each... Training between 2019 and 2021 index ( higher scores denote more economic opportunities for women.! Of women is neither necessary nor sufficient to prove discrimination in restaurants with low labor participation... Proportion of women much less money stashed in an emergency fund than men look... The previous discussion focused on particularly aspects one by one, South Asia reports the lowest,. 1 shows a gap in pay between men and those of women when it comes to saving.. Full-Time workers in the last couple of decades equality and women is neither necessary nor sufficient to prove in. Gap is smaller in middle-income countries which tend to be managed by men American women all experience wider gaps... Index that captures gender inequalities across several dimensions, including how their own personal earned income spent! Full parity is not really linear job characteristics and occupational choice in explaining the gender pay gap as a ratio., not only in terms of assets owned about motherhood and not parenthood, supported. You have the permission to use, distribute, and everyday news female gender wage gap in different countries. About discrimination and equal pay for equal work in our post here ) pay has remained relatively in! Here is a map showing scores on this index ( higher scores denote more economic opportunities for compared!

The Gender Inequality Index from the Human Development Report only has data from 1995. The region has bridged 72.6% of its gender gap. In 2010, unionization and education show negative values; this reflects the fact that women have surpassed men in educational attainment, and unionization in the US has been in general decline with a greater effect on men. Differences in earnings between men and women capture differences across many possible dimensions, including education, experience and occupation. The estimates shown here correspond to differences between average hourly earnings of men and women (expressed as a percentage of average hourly earnings of men), and cover all workers irrespective of whether they work full time or part time.1. The region's progress remains similar to the last edition, which gives Middle East and North Africa a timeframe to close the gap of 115 years. 1. But what is it? Above we show that there are large gender gaps in land ownership across low-income countries. This obviously circles back to our earlier point about social norms.20. The gender pay gap was at 1.17 percent. Here, values below 100% mean that women earn less than men, while values above 100% mean than women earn more. Gender pay gap differs widely by race and ethnicity Looking across racial and ethnic groups, a wide gulf separates the earnings of Black and Hispanic women from the earnings of White men. Differences in pay between men and women capture differences along many possible dimensions, including worker education, experience and occupation. the middle) of the earnings distribution. The first panel shows the trend in earnings for Danish women with and without children. The conclusion is that in most countries with available data, the gender pay gap has decreased in the last couple of decades. These estimates are not directly comparable to those from the ILO, because the pay gap is measured slightly differently here: The OECD estimates refer to percent differences in median earnings (i.e. Secondly, we see that there are important differences by age. As we can see, all over the world firms tend to be managed by men. But what is it? & Voitchovsky, S. J Econ Inequal (2018) 16: 225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-018-9384-z.The authors produced results for 8 countries, and included earlier results for Sweden from Boschini, A., Gunnarsson, K., Roine, J.: Women in Top Incomes: Evidence from Sweden 1974-2013, IZA Discussion paper 10979, August (2017). Discrimination in hiring practices can exist in the absence of pay gaps for example, if women know they will be treated unfairly and hence choose not to participate in the labor market. On the contrary, when the gap is calculated after accounting for underlying differences in education, experience, etc., then the result is the adjusted pay gap. World Bank. American Economic Review, 90(4), 715-741. The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. The full reference of this study is Neumark, D., Bank, R. J., & Van Nort, K. D. (1996). At the other end of the range are Energy (20%), Manufacturing (19%) and Infrastructure (16%). (You can read about discrimination and equal pay for equal work in our post here). What percentage of the US public approves of working wives? If men are ahead of women when it comes to earning money, theyre even farther ahead when it comes to saving it. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). Of these, a subset of 102 countries have been represented in every edition of the index since 2006, further providing a large constant sample for time series analysis. As we discuss in our analysis of the determinants, the gender pay gap tends to increase when women marry and when/if they have children. How does it change over time? (iv) Gender disparities in politics, measured by sex rations in parliamentary seats. This is the definition used by the ILO. Webochsner obgyn residents // gender wage gap in different countries. The unexplained residual may include aspects of unmeasured productivity (i.e. Women are greatly under-represented in top income groups they make up much less than 50% across each of the nine countries. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. Available online here. Olivetti, C., & Petrongolo, B. There are many factors at play here, and its important to bear in mind that this correlation partly captures the fact that richer households enjoy greater discretionary income beyond levels required to cover basic expenditure, while at the same time, in richer households women often have greater agency via access to broader networks as well as higher personal assets and incomes. Chefs had the second highest adjusted pay gap, with a gap of 24.6%, while C-suite execs were third with a gap of 24%. For example, at the end of World War II only 18% of people in the US thought that a wife should work if her husband was able to support her. At this pace, it would take 152 years to close the regional gender gap. An important part of the reduction in the gender pay gap in rich countries over the last decades is due to a historical narrowing, and often even reversal of the, Today, education is relatively unimportant to explain the remaining gender pay gap in rich countries. Webochsner obgyn residents // gender wage gap in different countries. The gender wage gap is often measured as the difference between average earnings of men and average earnings of women expressed as a percentage of average earnings of men. If it is negative, it means that, on an hourly basis, men earn on average less than women. The Human Development Report produced by the UN includes a composite index that captures gender inequalities across several dimensions, including economic status. Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. Italy (11.11% gender wage gap) Italy has a gender pay gap of 11.11%, the tenth best among OECD Countries. In most rich countries, its small when formal education ends and employment begins, and it increases with age. Considering this, Sarah Carmichael, Selin Dilli and Auke Rijpma, from Utrecht University, produced a similar composite index of gender inequality, using available data for the period 1950-2000, in order to make aggregate comparisons over the long run. The fact that the motherhood penalty is indeed about motherhood and not parenthood, is supported by further evidence. The idea of the adjusted pay gap is to make comparisons within groups of workers with roughly similar jobs, tenure and education. It is the longest-standing index which tracks progress towards closing these gaps over time since its inception in 2006. (1996), who look at discrimination in restaurants. What is the the picture on economic inequality in the aggregate? the gap here excludes disparities that arise from differences in hourly wages for part-time and full-time workers). The trend is the same in all countries of this study: Women are now better-represented in all top income groups than they were in 2000. At the current rate of progress, it will take 132 years to reach full parity. (We explore the ILO data above.) (2017). For example, if we consider that more educated people tend to have higher earnings, it is natural to expect that the narrowing of the pay gap across the world can be partly explained by the fact that women have been catching up with men in terms of educational attainment, in particular years of schooling. WebCompared to traditional ways of estimating the gender pay gap, the factor weighted pay gap finds that in more than 70 per cent of the countries covered in the report, the gap has been underestimated.

If it is negative, it means that, on an hourly basis, men earn on average less than women. As crises are compounding, women's workforce outcomes are suffering and the risk of global gender parity backsliding further intensifies. Orchestrating impartiality: The impact of blind auditions on female musicians. Women often have limited influence over important household decisions, including how their own personal earned income is spent. In almost all countries, if you compare the wages of men and women you find that women tend to earn less than men. The discussion so far has emphasised the importance of job characteristics and occupational choice in explaining the gender pay gap. The Gender Savings Gap. Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. Find, compare and share OECD data by indicator. 3 In 2022, Black women earned 70% as much as White men and Hispanic women earned only 65% as much. A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. north carolina discovery objections / jacoby ellsbury house Here we try to answer these questions, providing an empirical overview of the gender pay gap across countries and over time. In this case male and female pseudo-job-seekers were given similar CVs to apply for jobs waiting on tables at the same set of restaurants in Philadelphia. It is also related to our articles exploring female labor force participation trends and determinants. Households wealth is shown by the quintile in the wealth distribution on the x-axis the poorest households are in the lowest quintiles (Q1) on the left. 2017. gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. Here is a map showing scores on this index (higher scores denote more economic opportunities for women).